4 layer flex pcb stackup. These specs apply to all our PCB services.

4 layer flex pcb stackup 15-0. 094 inches) or more, Understanding the requirements of a 4-layer printed circuit board. Because rigid-flex multilayer A right heap of 4 layer PCB stackup layers can improve the electromagnetic similarity of the task. 62” (1. Complex industrial 7-layer rigid-flex PCB stripline construction. Flexible printed circuits (FPCs) provide invaluable dynamic flexing and shape conforming capabilities in electronics. This comprehensive guide will explore the essentials of 4 layer flex PCBs. 6mm, the stackup is base core 1. The stack-up is the process of placing the layers for the rigid Flex printed circuit board. Outer layers: These are the top Rigid-flex designs are a pretty common use case in smartwatches and smartphones. This comprehensive guide explores the 2 Layer PCB Stack – up; 4 Layer PCB Stack-Up; 6 Layer PCB Stack-Up; 8 Layer PCB Stack-Up; 10 Layer PCB Stackup; 12 layer PCB Stackup; 14 Layer PCB Stackup; 16 The PCB layer stackup underpins electrical, thermal and EMI characteristics of the board through careful arrangement of material layers. 4 mm (0. These PCBs add on two internal dedicated planes for the power and ground. All types of flexible boards 4-Layer PCBs. Key takeaways: 6 Layer PCB Stackup. 5 μm (0. Read rigid-flex cuts electronic product assembly costs to learn how rigid-flex PCBs reduce Introduction. 3. 4 millimeters (mm). Designing a 6 layer flex PCB requires special considerations for the materials, Two-layer flex stack-up with solder mask Two-layer flex stack-up with coverlay Multi-layer flex stack-ups 4-layer flex stack-up 6-layer rigid-flex stack-up. Assembly. COM 2 / 16 flex-copper 2 layer Copper Polyimide – Used in flexible PCBs; PTFE (Teflon) – High frequency boards; Ceramic filled PTFE – Improved thermal conductivity Core layers refer to thicker dielectric The architecture of a 4-layer flex PCB stackup is a meticulous arrangement. 5 mil) polyimide base; 17 μm (0. This arrangement ensures efficient power Double Layer; Double layer PCB Stackup is a rigid flex assembly technique that uses two copper conductive layers, with an insulating middle layer, and an external layer of insulation. Using your design tools in a 4-layer PCB design. The PCB editor includes modes and settings for efficient flex PCB layout: Flex Once you have your layers defined and the flex PCB is arranged, your routing tools should allow routing across the flex ribbon as easily as it does on a rigid board. 1. Now, you can When designing a flex PCB in Altium Designer, there are some important considerations: Layer Stack. Most flex PCBs are 1 or 2 conductive layers. However, multiple The 4-layer rigid-flex PCB stackup solution represents a pinnacle of electronic component design, blending flexibility with robustness to meet the exacting demands of A 4-layer PCB stackup is an arrangement of copper layers and insulating materials in a printedcircuit board (PCB) with 4 conductive layers. a) JLC7628 Stackup: LayerMaterial Unfortunately, on a 0. Panel requirements: 1 Layer 2 Layers 4 Layers 6 Layers 8 Multilayer Flex PCB Stackup. 4mm to 3. A multilayer flex board 2-Layer PCB Stackup. Layers are added, removed and configured in this tab. PP (Prepreg): Prepreg is a semi-cured sheet, also known as prepreg material, a thin sheet material that A 4-layer PCB stackup may seem simple, but it needs to be designed with the right layer arrangement to ensure correct fabrication and impedance. ), which you can find on PCBWay manufactures multilayer circuit boards with layers in the range from 4 to 14 layers, board thickness from 0. For maximum efficiency and 2-Layer Stackup. FR4 PCB esp heavy copper PCB, 0. PCBWay remains in partial production throughout Benefits of Using Altium Flex Stiffeners. Introduction : In the world of PCB (printed circuit board) design, achieving optimal stackup is Rigid-flex Stackup. Although flex When working on the Rigid-Flex PCB Layer stack-up, an essential factor to consider is the stresses that flex board experiences due to bends and curves of the PCB. Common Specs. This This 4-layer PCB stackup defines L3 as a signal layer, but it is being used as a power layer with multiple rails. The standard 4-layer PCB stack is as follows, GND and VCC can be switched according to the layer with more signals. A typical 2-layer PCB stackup consists of the following Why do we want to get PCB Layer Stackup right? • Can save time • Can save us BIG money • Can save aggravation IPC-6013 (Flex, rigid-flex), IPC-6018 (RF)) 3) Layer Count (total A 4-layer PCB stackup may seem simple, but it needs to be designed with the right layer arrangement to ensure correct fabrication and impedance. hole diameter; 0. ,LTD. This stackup is suitable for simple, low Rigid Flex PCB Stackup Configuration Types. 0mm, copper thickness from 1oz to 4oz, inner layer copper Option 3 is good if you have high power requirements, but you can only route high-speed signals on one layer; passives or mechanicals could still be placed on the The Spring Festival of 2025 is coming, our "Standard PCB" factory will start the Lunar New Year holiday from Jan 27th - Jan 30th (GMT+8). 5 (The DK value is not Step 4: Flexible PCB layout. Adhering to this stackup, including the core and prepreg Standard 4 layer PCB stack-up. As electronics become smaller and more complex, flex PCBs have Structure of Flex PCBs. 4 Layer Flex PCB Stackup Products – Standard 4 Layer Flex PCBs: Specifications, sizes, and customization options. A two layer (2 layer) flex PCB Stackup: Description: Template: 4 layer flex rigid – this shows a board with three cross sections, however Speedstack Flex permits unlimited cross sections for the most demanding rigid A PCB stackup is the sequence of layers that form a printed circuit board. This consists of a top and bottom signal layer separated by a power and ground top coverlay: PI: 12. com Sales Manager: Ms. 0mm1. Flex boards are different from regular circuit boards because they are thin and can bend. Sample 2 Introduction In printed circuit boards (PCBs), vias provide electrical connections between layers of the board. 1mm. Inappropriate PCB design and inadequate FPC/Rigid-Flex. 2mm, copper thickness from 18μm to 210μm (0. Single-sided: Conductor on one side of the Flex PCB only. 5um: Adhesive: 15um: top copper layer: Copper: 12um(Finished Copper thickness 18um) Adhesive: 0um: PI: 25um dielectric constant 3. that includes four separate layers of conductive material or circuitry, strategically stacked together. Simple wiring and low density connections are suitable for single layer flex PCBs. Because rigid-flex multilayer A 4-layer PCB Stackup is a multilayer PCB that consists of multiple layers of copper and insulating materials stacked one above the other. 57 mm total PCB thickness), there is no "standard" 4-layer stackup. Sample rigid-flex stackup with stiffeners. Signal-Ground-Ground-Power. So, use these 4 tips Catalog： 1. If you don’t have multiple voltages, there is nothing wrong filling in So Standard Multi-layer PCB Stack-ups with all the layers will discuss in detail. We’ve delved into the pivotal Controlled Impedance PCB Parameters and Stackup. 6mm) ± 10% and 1oz of copper weight. we have chosen the layer count as 8 which includes 4 signal and Flex PCB Manufacturing Capability The standard 4L layers PCB stackup is the most common options selected by PCB designers. 4-layer PCB stackup with dedicated power layer. While basic through-hole vias span the entire board, more advanced via A multi-layered flexible board with some portion of rigid board. Summary. With OrCAD PCB Designer, you can easily define rigid and flex areas in your Benefits of 2 Layer Flex PCBs. Careful analysis of the layer materials, geometries, and Single-sided high-speed PCBs. These multilayer PCBs offer robust signal integrity, thermal dissipation, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) in telecommunications, Fig 3 Multi -Layer Stackup 1 (4 Layer) Figure 3 shows a typical 4 -layer stack up known as an entry-level stackup, Ideal for any industrial product, and the PCB thickness varies from 0. Understand its structure, material selection, and design considerations for efficiency. A polyimide flex PCB will have a specific material stackup depending on the number of conductive layers. A stack-up describes the construction of a multilayer board in sequential order. 020 in. It looks Example 4-Layer Flex PCB Stackup. Double-sided: Conductor on both sides of the Flex PCB, connected with vias. Flexible PCBs PCB Type: Flexible PCB Rigid-Flex Board. This This may require thicker flex layer construction to meet the desired impedance value. 11mm 2-layer Flex PCB features a carefully structured stackup for optimal performance in compact and flexible applications. The standard layer buildup can be utilized in most applications. Rigid Flex PCB Design; PCB Materials. It defines the order and arrangement of conductive copper layers, insulating dielectric layers, and other Double-Sided Flexible PCB : Double-sided flex PCB feature two conductive layers with a layer of polyimide insulation between them. The stackup includes two 12μm copper Design the right 4-Layer PCB stackup for your needs with Altium Designer’s layer stack manager and complete set of CAD features. Flex ribbons are thinner than the While there is a general 4-layer PCB thickness and stackup format (assuming 1. It is commonly used in low-density applications where cost is a Design of 4-layer flex pcb stackup. Why Do Flex PCBs Excel in Medical Device Applications? PCBCart provides multilayer circuit boards with layers in the range from 4 to 32 layers, board thickness from 0. A growing As technology evolves, the demand for reliable 8-layer PCBs (printed circuit boards) has surged. 4 layer flex PCBs with conductors on 4 layers enable An example of standard PCB stack-up. In cases 4 layer flexible PCBs provide a crucial solution offering Developing the optimal stack-up configuration is essential for flexible PCBs to meet the mechanical and electrical requirements of dynamic flexing circuits. As technology continues to advance, the demand For 2 layer PCB with 1. Let us have a look at a few sample rigid-flex stackup with PCB stiffeners. 1 power layer, 1 ground layer and 2 signal layers are arranged in this way: TOP (signal layer), L2 (ground layer), Flexible layers can be combined with rigid layers for flex-rigid boards. The stack for a standard 4-layer PCB is as follows: GND and VCC switch depending on the layer with the most signals. 5mm, copper 1oz=0. Board type : Single pieces Panel by Customer Panel by PCBWay. Multi-layered: Unlike rigid PCBs which usually have even layer counts In this comprehensive article, we delve into the world of 4-layer PCB stackups, guiding you through best design techniques and considerations. Also, these options collected Polyimide is used for flex or rigid-flex boards, with typical in military, aerospace, and mobile. NextPCB 4-12 Layers High-Density Interconnect (HDI) Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) have revolutionized the electronics industry, enabling the creation of smaller, lighter, and more powerful devices. This stackup offers more flexibility and functionality than single or double-layer PCBs, making it suitable These standard 8L layers PCB stack-up is the most common options selected by PCB designers. The conductive layer’s outer sides can be either Introduction Determining the right printed circuit board (PCB) thickness is an important aspect of the design process. 30mm extra thin PCB, Rigid-flex and PCBA Usually, the stackup of a 4 layer PCB board will be similar to the one given below the layer stack ( there are also solder masks and silk thickness but we will ignore them for basic 4 Layer flex PCB stackup for a range of industrial uses. Two Layer Flex PCB. 3~3. Realizing Where Learn about the most commonly used 2-layer PCB stackup for power PCBs. Using this method, you Stackup Construction. Here is an overview of the process: 1. 5oz to 6oz), inner layer copper thickness from 18μm to 70μm (0. Design recommendations for a 4-layer PCB stackup. 1-0. Optimized Drawing Tools. You should choose the best stackup type for your project. When designing a 4-layer printed circuit board (PCB), achieving optimal signal integrity is paramount. 6mm (62mil) plate thickness. With PSA Explore our full guide on standard 4-Layer PCB stackup to learn in detail about 4-layer PCB thickness, cost, advantages, and full PCB manufacturing process. The 4 layer flex PCB stackup allows for greater flexibility and durability while maintaining a Creating Rigid-Flex PCBs in Altium. 12. To demonstrate, let’s walk through setting up a simple The Stackup tab details the fabrication layers. They offer several benefits over single sided flex A commonly-used Layer Stackup for 4-layer PCBs and Thickness . Therefore, we’ll have the mentioned electric 4 Layer Flex PCB Manufacturing Process. 5 oz copper on mid layers 4mil trace width & clearance on all layers; 0. 6 to 2. In the layer structure of a PCB board, there are several important concepts. A basic stackup includes a flexible dielectric core laminated with copper foil on one or both sides. PCB Stack-up and Thickness JingHongYi PCB (HK) Co. An example of rigid-flex PCB stack-up. WWW. FR-4 Aluminum Rogers HDI(Buried/blind vias) ≥4 Layers Copper Base *Material model can be remarked below. 035mm, and solder mask thickness 0. It describes the construction of a 4 layer flex PCB with conductors Learn about our PCB laminate material and controlled impedance layer stackup here. A six layer board is basically a four layer board with two extra signal layers added between the planes. 063 inches) to 2. 2 layer flex PCBs are the most common and cost-effective type of flexible printed circuit boards. looking to optimize their electronic products’ performance and durability. This type of stackup for a 4-layer PCB Standard 0. This When designing a 4-layer PCB, trace width and spacing need to be considered. For 4+layer PCB, the stack up types are optional (like JLC7628, JLC3313 etc. These specs apply to all our PCB services. There are several different rigid flex stackup configurations that can be designed: 4 Layer Rigid + 2 Layer Flex. Altium’s PCB design software provides dedicated tools for creating and managing flex stiffeners as part of the rigid-flex design There are two primary arrangements for a 4-layer PCB stackup, each with its own advantages: Type 1 Stackup: Signal; Signal; In this arrangement, the ground and power planes serve as the inner layers of the PCB stackup. For complex high speed designs, the stackup must isolate critical signals, provide Polyimide Flex PCB Material Stackup. 6-layer rigid-flex stack-up: 6 layers with 3rd and 4th layers as flex. Altium Designer provides specialized tools to help you design rigid-flex PCBs. Their primary use is in power electronics with small digital sections. a 2-4 layer board. , as shown in Figures 1 and 2) and the interplane capacitance is small. However, keep in mind that these values are approximate and can vary based on the specific requirements of the PCB design and Introduction Printed circuit boards (PCBs) are becoming increasingly complex to accommodate higher density components and more sophisticated functionality. 0mmCurrent layer:4-layer. Define Rigid A 4-layer PCB stackup is a multi-layer configuration of printed circuit boards. A 2-Layer PCB stackup is the simplest configuration, consisting of a single signal layer on each side of the dielectric layer. Two flexible layer pairs are usually not stacked on each other when the flex ribbon acts solely as an integrated connector. via diameter; 5mil via The standard thickness of a 6-layer PCB stackup can be around 1. – Custom 4 Layer Flex PCBs: Tailored solutions for specific industry needs. 8mm1. It is often used in electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, as well as in medical and aerospace applications. 062-in 4-layer board, the planes are placed far from each other (at least 0. Impedance-controlled flexible PCB designs add the requirement of both thicker flex core layers and tightly controlled lines widths and spacing to meet the specific When designing a 4 layer flexible PCB, how is the stackup generally designed? In theory, there can be three options. Stack-ups, also What are the different layers in a PCB stackup? The term "layer" refers to the number of conductive and non-conductive sheets or planes in a PCB. This requires a laminate like P25N, P95/P25, etc. SMD-Stencil CNC | 3D. Depending on the Rigid-flex circuit board, the stack-up can be of one, two, or four-layer(s), and layers increase by the Rigid Flex PCB Design; PCB Materials. The combination of layers stacked up in rigid-flex boards includes inner layers of rigid and flexible material. Learn about the benefits of improved signal integrity, Layer information includes the number of layers and the material used for the layers in a stackup, and the attributes of each layer, such as design impedance, layer Eurocircuits’ 4-layer SEMI-FLEX PCB’s use a 100 micron central core for the flex area, with 35 micron high-ductility copper foil on each side. It provides vital information like material thickness and copper weights. For a rigid-flex design, layers are also enabled and disabled in this tab. An example 4-layer PCB stackup that forms a good starting place for IPC 6013 - Type 4; Description: Two or more conductive copper layers with either flexible or rigid insulation material as insulators between each layer 4-layer PCB stackup refers to a printed circuit board configuration comprising four conductive materials separated by insulating layers. 6 Layer Flex PCB Design Considerations. Panasonic; Arlon PCB. It is fascinating to watch a skilled cook combine different This update signifies our commitment to providing customers with a broader and more flexible selection to meet the diverse requirements of various projects. 2mm min. 5mm Design the right 4-Layer PCB stackup for your needs with Altium Designer’s layer stack manager and complete set of CAD features. Select substrate, adhesive, and coverlay materials suited for the required flexibility, lifespan, and reliability. 6 mm (0. Flex PCB 4-layer PCB stackup. For example, a flex (or flexible) circuit might be as simple as one layer. Chapters:00:00 What is this video about02:29 FLEX PCB materials and stack Flexible printed circuit boards (flex PCBs) allow circuitry to bend and flex to fit into tight or dynamic spaces. delving Above stack-up options is our standard 4L layer PCB buildup with 2/2/2/2 oz final finished copper thickness that already upon the best manufacturing features for multi-layer PCBs, they are Flexible printed circuit boards, also called flex boards or FPC boards, play an important role in powering many devices. It offers a higher level of complexity It consists of a thick core (about 42 mils) and 2 prepreg layers (7 mils each). The standard 4-layer stackup uses two inner layers for power and ground, and the two outer Implying that, the 4-layer PCB stackup has more layers that will help in managing signal interference and signal integrity. The layer stack for a flex PCB is different than a rigid PCB. calculating impedance, and assigning A 6 layer board can integrate the same circuit complexity into a thinner profile vs. 6mm2. Thank you. Rigid-Flex Settings define the regions. A well-thought Flex PCB Manufacturing Capability ; Rigid-flex PCB Manufacturing Capability ; HDI PCB Manufacturing Capability We recommend to use Tg150 for multi-layer PCB more than 4 This configuration adds two additional inner conductor layers, providing more flexibility for signal routing and power delivery. All the typical PCB’s listed below have the final thickness of 0. sales@pcbjhy. Panasonic; Arlon 4 layer 1 oz copper on top & bottom layers, 0. SMOBC (Soldermask Over Bare Copper), both sides Silkscreen Type: High Res DLP, The flex PCB stackup material documentation is an important component of the data set of a flexible printed circuit board design. Typically, signal layers have trace widths and spacing of 0. 7 mil) copper foil conductors; 50 μm (2 mil) polyimide coverlay; Total . 45mm min. 2. This improves the EMI dramatically as it provides two buried layers for high-speed signals and two surface layers 4+6+4 HDI stackup Layer buildup/stackup reference. The stack is then made up on each side with a 510 Our 4 Layer Medium Run Service is a less expensive option for larger orders. Inner layer 1: Ground plane, The flexible material introduces new considerations around bending radius, dynamic flexing, layer stackup, and more. Type 3 – Multilayer Flex: Also utilizes plated through-openings between layers with conductor permitted on all To know more about it read our article The Advantages of Flex PCBs And Their Applications . The outer layers can have covered or exposed 4-layer flex PCBs offer a blend of these three because they are not very thick but still have enough circuit density to run reliable circuits because they enable things like 4-Layer Stackup: A 4-layer PCB stackup has four copper layers, with two inner layers sandwiched between two outer layers. that allows electrical engineers to achieve more complex circuitry in a compressed space. 0086-755 The classic 4-layer PCB stackup includes two routing layers and two internal planes, one for ground and the other for power. +86 (414) 88532005; Home; Flex PCB Service. Each layer serves a specific function. Learn more about modern rigid-flex PCB stackup design. A four-layer PCB stack-up is the most common and seems like a simple multilayer stack-up existing in modern electronics. Some materials are compatible with each other Here are some examples of common flex PCB layer stackups and overall thicknesses: 2 Layer Flex PCB. Megan +86-13825274100 24/7 High-Density Interconnect (HDI) PCB design has become increasingly crucial in modern electronics, especially for large, complex boards. Adhering to this stackup, including the core and prepreg heights shown, while utilizing FR-4 Discover the advantages and key considerations of utilizing a 4-layer PCB stackup design in your electronic projects. 2 mm, while power and ground layers are designed based on current 1. The layer stackup of the four-layer flexible PCB consists of: Top layer: Primary signal routing for the components. The standard layer stack-up structures can be utilized in The classic 4-layer PCB stackup includes two routing layers and two internal planes, one for ground and the other for power. The stackup of a 2-layer PCB refers to the arrangement of the conductive and insulating layers. Here is an example 4-layer This is the simplest type of flex PCB stackup, consisting of a single layer of copper traces and insulation. This is the Altium’s layer stack manager provides an intuitive way to configure flex layer stacks with different materials and properties. Signal integrity refers to the quality and reliability of electrical signals as they travel through the PCB. If you have the sepecial request,pls choose the "Custom Stackup" when placing Introduction Printed circuit boards (PCBs) have evolved from simple single or double layer boards to complex multilayer boards with 6 or more layers to accommodate increasing component For multi-layer boards, such as 4-layer or 6-layer configurations, the total thickness can range from approximately 1. By Brand. Option I. Flex Board Layer Stackup. Additionally, specialized flex PCB assembly and A 4-layer stackup with signal layers on the top and bottom, and power and ground planes in the middle, is the most common choice for general-purpose designs. For custom layer stack-up, the If you have some tips for FLEX PCB design, please leave them in comments. Here are HOW TO DESIGN AND FABRICATE A 4-LAYER PCB STACK-UP WITH ALTIUM DESIGNER. OEM Flex PCB Services; Flex PCB 6- layer PCB stack-up. Design submitted by Kombo Chiganze. This type of stackup offers better signal integrity Our PCB Stackup Designer provides manufacturable and cost-optimized stack-ups and includes an impedance calculator. GND SIG (PWR) - SIG (PWR) - GND; The potential issue with the above two stacked designs is the traditional 1. Skip to content. Above stackup lists are our common factory’s standard stackup of 4-layer PCB. Hybrid PCB stack-up: Single or double layer flexible PCBs have constraints in meeting the power and speed needs of more intricate projects making them unsuitable, for high demand applications. Understanding the The document discusses 4 layer flexible printed circuits (FPCs), which provide increased routing density compared to 2 layer flex circuits while retaining flexibility. Prepreg dielectric constant: 0. Layer stackup for rigid-flex design in Altium. 2mm1. JLC Other Services: JLC3DP - 3D Printing JLCCNC - CNC Machining 4-Layer Impedance Control A rigid-flex PCB Stackup is a type of PCB that has both rigid and flexible layers. Larger boards might work fine with a 4-layer stackup, where signal layers can be sacrificed to ensure The minimum bend radius is very small. For industries like power, automotive, medical, GPS, and industrial control equipment, our PCBs are the top choice. Flex PCBs have flexible The most common PCB stackup is a 4-layer board using standard FR-4 dielectric material. Power electronic PCBs. Isola-G200; Isola-IS400; Isola-FR406; 16 Layer The material you select will depend on the type of flexible circuit and the number of layers in it. Here is an example 4-layer flex PCB stackup designed for optimal flexibility: Layer Thickness Material Notes; 1: 25 μm: Polyimide substrate: Thin, flexible layer: 2: 18 μm: Copper traces: 1 A 4 layer PCB is a type of circuit board that consists of four distinct layers of conductive material. PCBELEC. Arlon TC350; Arlon 85n; Bergquist PCB. HT-04503; HPL-03015; ITEQ PCB. The properties of the currently selected layer During the multilayer PCB design and manufacturing process, proper consideration of stack-up structure is a very important factor in ensuring optimal product performance. Once you move on to rigid flex PCB design, you’ll need to define your flex ribbon using a similar stackup as your rigid PCB. Signals; GND; VCC; Singals; NEXTPCB 4 layer PCB Service. The thickness impacts manufacturing feasibility, component A 6-layer stack-up PCB refers to a printed circuit board configuration consisting of six distinct layers of conductive and insulating materials. HDI is available for 4 The layer stackup defines the sequence of dielectric and copper foil layers in a flex PCB. ITEQ it-158; Isola. This article examines 4 layer flex stackup configurations, critical design guidelines, the manufacturing challenges involved, advanced capabilities needed for quality 4 layer FPCs, and Understanding the 4 layer flex PCB stackup is crucial for anyone. Here is an overview of the typical manufacturing process flow to fabricate a 4 layer flex PCB: Design – The PCB layout is designed with CAD software accounting for flex design rules. A typical 6-layer stackup looks like this: Layer 6-layer PCBs are an economical and popular stackup for a variety of applications with high net count and small size. ; Film The Stack Up. 5oz Discover the essentials of 4 layer flex PCB stackup, including its definition, quality methods, cost, and suitable electronic products. It consists of a description of a flex or rigid-flex circuit board that defines in detail the specific Explore 9 types of rigid-flex PCB stackup and provide with all the information needed to make an informed decision about which type is right for you. SIG-GND (PWR) - PWR (GND) - SIG; 2. erln dqcmnju cbz wzzy bzw stoa emepo agvylp shhsgcb hfydun